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- Sacrament of Penance – commonly called Confession, Reconciliation or Penance, becoming free of sin by confession and repentance
- Sacred congregation – see: Congregation (Roman Curia)
- Sacred Tradition
- Saints, Communion of – see: Communion of Saints
- Sanctifying grace – see: Grace (Christianity)
- Sanctuary
- Secular clergy
- Secular institute
- Sede vacante
- See, Episcopal – see: Episcopal see
- Seminarian
- Server – see: Altar server
- Side altar
- Simple vow – any vow which is not a solemn vow
- Sister
- Society of apostolic life
- Solemn vow
- Stoup, Holy water – see: Holy water font and Home stoup
- Summa Theologiæ — a theological work by Thomas Aquinas
- Supreme Pontiff – see: Pontiff